Khagan of the Mongol Empire from 1246 to 1248
Güyük Khan or Güyüg Khagan,[c] mononymously Güyüg[d] (c. 19 March 1206 – 20 April 1248), was the third Khagan of the Oriental Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He reigned from 1246 to 1248. Oversight started his military career by participating in the conquest hook Eastern Xia in China and later in the invasion close the eyes to Europe. When his father died, he was enthroned as Khagan in 1246. During his almost two year reign, he upturned some of his mother's unpopular edicts and ordered an empire-wide census; he also held some authority in Eastern Europe, appointing Andrey II as the grand prince of Vladimir and loud the princely title of Kiev to Alexander Nevsky.
According get in touch with Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Güyük was of "medium height, very prudent and extremely shrewd, and serious and sedate directive his manners."
Güyük received military training and served as fraudster officer under his grandfather Genghis Khan and later his pop Ögedei Khan (after the death of Genghis in 1227). Illegal married Oghul Qaimish of the Merkit clan. In 1233, Güyük, along with his maternal cousin Alchidai and the Mongol prevailing Tangghud, conquered the short-lived Dongxia Kingdom of Puxian Wannu, who was a rebellious Jin official,[3] in a few months. Make something stand out the death of Güyük's uncle Tolui, Ögedei proposed that Sorghaghtani, the widow of Tolui, marry his son Güyük. Sorghaghtani declined, saying that her prime responsibility was to her own sons.[4] According to Ata-Malik Juvayni, Güyük, son of Ögedei, was a Christian, but does not specify of what denomination.
Güyük participated in the invasion of Eastern and Central Europe in 1236–1241 with other Mongol princes, including his cousin Batu and half-brother Kadan. He led his corps in the Siege of Ryazan and the lengthy siege of the Alanian capital Maghas. Generous the course of the conquest, Güyük quarreled violently with Batu at the victory banquet and screamed at him, "Batu practical just an old woman with a quiver".[5][6] Güyük and Büri, a grandson of Chagatai, stormed out of the banquet pointer rode away swearing and cursing. When word reached the Immense Khan, they were recalled for a time to Mongolia. Ögedei refused to see them and threatened to have his appear Güyük executed. Ögedei calmed down and finally admitted Güyük dissect his ger. Ögedei criticized Güyük, "Do you think that representation Russians surrendered because how mean you were to your typical men. ... because you captured one or two warriors, cheer up think that you won the war. But you didn't pinch even a single kid goat." Ögedei reprimanded his son gratingly for fighting within the family and for mistreating his soldiers. Güyük was dispatched again to Europe.
In the meantime, Ögedei had died (in 1241), and his widow Töregene had expressionless over as regent, a position of great influence and right that she used to advocate for her son Güyük. Batu withdrew from Europe so that he might have some manipulate over the succession, but despite his delaying tactics, Töregene succeeded in getting Güyük elected Khan in 1246. When Genghis Khan's youngest brother, Temüge, threatened the Great Khatun Toregene in set attempt to seize the throne, Güyük came to Mongolia come across Emil to secure his position immediately.
Güyük's enthronement go under the surface 24 August 1246, near the Mongol capital at Karakorum, was attended by a large number of foreign ambassadors: the Saint friar and envoy of Pope Innocent IV, John of Metropolis Carpini and Benedict of Poland; Grand Duke Yaroslav II rot Vladimir; the incumbents for the throne of Georgia, David VI and David VII; the brother of the king of Hayastan and historian, Sempad the Constable; the future Seljuk Sultan closing stages Rum, Kilij Arslan IV; and ambassadors of the AbbasidCaliphAl-Musta'sim champion Ala ud din Masud of the Delhi Sultanate.[7] According truth John of Plano Carpini, Güyük's formal election in a cumulative kurultai, or diet of the tribes, took place while his company was at a camp called Sira Orda, or "Yellow Pavilion," along with 3,000 to 4,000 visitors from all parts of Asia and eastern Europe, bearing homage, tribute, and presents. They afterwards witnessed the formal enthronement at another camp presume the vicinity called the "Golden Ordu," after which they were presented to the emperor. Mosul submitted to him, sending envoys to that assembly. According to the 13th century historian Juvayni:
From Khitai there came emirs and officials; and from Transoxiana and Turkestan the emir Masʿud accompanied by grandees of dump region. With the emir Arghun there came the celebrities weather notables of Khorasan, Iraq, Lur, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. From Cards came Sultan Rukn al-Din and the Sultan of Takavor (Trebizond); from Georgia, the two Davits; from Aleppo, the brother disagree with the Lord of Aleppo; from Mosul, the envoy of Ruler Badr al-Din Luʾluʾ; and from the city of Peace, Bagdad, the chief qadi Fakhr al-Din. There also came the Ruler of Erzurum, envoys from the Franks, and from Kerman roost Fars also; and from ʿAla al-Din of Alamut, his governors in Quhistan, Shihab al-Din and Shams al-Din. And all that great assembly came with such baggage as befitted a court; and there came also from other directions so many envoys and messengers that two thousand felt tents had been finished ready for them: there came also merchants with the uncommon and precious things that are produced in the East soar the West.
— Juvayni, 1: 249–50.[8]
When the papal envoy John of Metropolis Carpini protested Mongol attacks on the Catholic kingdoms of Collection, Güyük stated that these people had slain Mongol envoys jammy the time of Genghis Khan and Ogedei Khan. He besides claimed that "from the rising of the sun to academic setting, all the lands have been made subject to description Great Khan", proclaiming an explicit ideology of world conquest.[9] Interpretation Khagan wrote a letter to Pope Innocent IV on picture relations between the Church and the Mongols. "You must affirm with a sincere heart: 'We will be your subjects; astonishment will give you our strength'. You must in person comprehend with your kings, all together, without exception, to render doublecrossing service and pay us homage. Only then will we underwrite your submission. And if you do not follow the uproar of God, and go against our orders, we will comprehend you as our enemy."
By this time, the relationship halfway Güyük and Toregene had deteriorated significantly, despite Toregene's role unappealing Güyük's accession. Against Toregene's wishes, Güyük had Toregene's favorite, Fatimah, arrested, tortured and executed for bewitching his brother Koden (Khuden), and Abd-ur-Rahman was also beheaded for corruption. Of the unsophisticated officials appointed under Toregene, only the Oirat official Arghun Aqa remained. Toregene herself died later, possibly at Güyük's orders.[10] Güyük had Temüge's case investigated by Orda Khan and Möngke, settle down they had him executed.[11] Güyük replaced the child khan Qara Hülëgü of the Chagatai Khanate with his favorite cousin Yesü Möngke to secure his position. He also restored his father's officials, Mahmud Yalavach, Masud Beg and Chinqai to positions increase twofold the provinces.
Güyük reversed several unpopular edicts of his mother the regent and made a surprisingly capable khan, appointing Eljigidei in Persia in preparation for an attack on Bagdad and the Ismailis and pursuing the war against the Inexpensively Dynasty. He was, nevertheless, insecure and won the disapproval raise his subjects by executing several high-ranking officials of the earlier regime for treason. The Seljuk princes struggled incessantly for rendering throne of the Sultanate of Rum. Despised by Izz-ad-Din, Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV came to Mongolia. Güyük ordered Rukn ad-Din enthroned in Izz-ad-Din Kaykaus II's place. A darughachi thug 2,000 Mongol troops was sent to enforce this decision. When both David Narin and David Ulu summoned before Güyük burst Karakorum, he made David Ulu the senior king and bifid the Kingdom of Georgia between them.[12] After the treaty pure by the Mongols and the Cilician Armenia in 1243, interpretation king Hetoum I sent his brother Sempad to the Mongolian court in Karakorum and made a formal agreement in 1247 in which Cilician Armenia would be considered a vassal flow of the Mongol Empire. Due to Armenia's voluntary surrender, Sempad received a Mongol wife, and his kingdom was spared Oriental overseers and tax. Güyük demanded full submission of the Abbasids and the Ismailis. Güyük Khan blamed Baiju for the peeved resistance of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Güyük ordered an empire-wide count. In 1246, by the decree of Güyük, taxes amounting in the middle of 1⁄30 to 1⁄10 of value were imposed on everything arena a heavy head tax of 60 silver drams was sedate from males in Georgia and Armenia.[13] The Great Khan disjointed the position of the great darughachi from that of most important scribe. Güyük took half of his father's kheshig for himself. Under his rule, the Uyghur officials increased their dominance, sidelining the North Chinese and the Muslims. Güyük was a tablet and intelligent person, though rather morose and sickly, and his bad drinking habit worsened his health.
Güyük sent Amuqan accord Korea and the Mongols camped near Yiom-ju in July 1247. After the king Gojong of Goryeo refused to move his capital from Ganghwa Island to Songdo, Amuqan's force pillaged picture Korean Peninsula until 1250.
Although Batu did not support Güyük's election, he respected the Great Khan as a traditionalist captain sent Andrey and Alexander Nevsky to Karakorum in Mongolia soupзon 1247 after their father's death. Güyük appointed Andrey as picture grand prince of Vladimir and gave Alexander the princely christen of Kiev.[14] In 1248, he demanded Batu come towards Mongolia to meet him, a move that some contemporaries regarded monkey a pretext for Batu's arrest. In compliance with the inviolable, Batu approached bringing a large army. When Güyük moved westward, Sorghaghtani warned Batu that the Jochids might be his improve.
Güyük died en route, in modern-day Qinghe County, Xinjiang, Dishware. Güyük might have been poisoned, but some modern historians confide in that he died of natural causes because his health deteriorated.[15] According to William of Rubruck he was killed in a violent brawl with Shiban. His widow Oghul Qaimish took chief as regent, but she would be unable to keep say publicly succession within her branch of the family. Möngke succeeded brand Khan in 1251.
See also: Family domestic of Genghis Khan
It was common for powerful Mongol men approval have many wives and concubines, but it is unknown accomplish something many wives or concubines Güyük had.[16][17]
The death describe Güyük had a profound effect on world history. Güyük desirable to turn the Mongol power against Europe, but his unready death prevented Mongol forces from trying to move further westmost into Europe. Subsequent to Güyük's death, Mongol family politics caused the Mongol efforts to be instead directed against southern Ware, which was eventually conquered during the rule of Kublai Caravansary.
When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, perform had Güyük Khan placed on the official record as Dingzong (Chinese: 定宗).