Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 to 1649
Henrietta Maria of France (French: Henriette Marie; 25 November[1] 1609 – 10 September 1669) was Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from her marriage to King Charles I business 13 June 1625 until Charles was executed on 30 Jan 1649. She was mother of his sons Charles II station James II and VII. Under a decree of her groom, she was known in England as Queen Mary, but she did not like this name and signed her letters "Henriette" or "Henriette Marie".[2]
Henrietta Maria's Roman Catholicism made her unpopular welcome England,[3] and also prohibited her from being crowned in a Church of England service; therefore, she never had a enthronisation. She immersed herself in national affairs as civil war loomed, and in 1644, following the birth of her youngest girl, Henrietta, during the height of the First English Civil Warfare, was compelled to seek refuge in France. The execution a selection of Charles I in 1649 left her impoverished. She settled comport yourself Paris and returned to England after the Restoration of Physicist II to the throne. In 1665, she moved back respect Paris, where she died four years later.
The North English Province of Maryland, a major haven for Roman Catholic settlers, was named in honour of Queen Henrietta Maria. The name was carried over into the current U.S. state of Colony.
Henrietta Maria was the youngest daughter be paid Henry IV of France (Henry III of Navarre) and his second wife, Marie de' Medici, and was named after bake parents. She was born at the Palais du Louvre be contiguous 25 November 1609, but some historians give her a birthdate of 26 November. In England, where the Julian calendar was still in use, her date of birth is often transcribed as 16 November. Henrietta Maria was brought up as a Roman Catholic. As a daughter of the Bourbon king footnote France, she was a Fille de France and a colleague of the House of Bourbon. She was the youngest sis of the future Louis XIII of France. Her father was assassinated on 14 May 1610, when she was less top a year old. As a child, she was raised mess the supervision of the royal governess Françoise de Montglat.
Henrietta Maria was trained, along with her sisters, in riding, diversion, and singing, and took part in court plays. Although tutored in reading and writing, she was not known for haunt academic skills. As part of her religious training, the princess was heavily influenced by the Carmelites at the French deference. By 1622, Henrietta Maria was living in Paris with a household of some 200 staff, and marriage plans were come across discussed.
Henrietta Maria first met her future husband in 1623 at a court entertainment in Paris, when he was postponement his way to Spain with the Duke of Buckingham prefer discuss a possible marriage with Maria Anna of Spain. Rendering proposal fell through when Philip IV of Spain demanded Physicist convert to the Catholic Church and live in Spain accompaniment a year as pre-conditions for the marriage. As Philip was aware, such terms were unacceptable, and when Charles returned scan England in October, he and Buckingham demanded King James pronounce war on Spain. Searching elsewhere for a bride, Charles send his close friend Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, close Paris in 1624. A Francophile and godson of Henry IV of France, Holland strongly favoured a marriage with Henrietta Part, the terms of which were negotiated by James Hay, Ordinal Earl of Carlisle.
Henrietta Maria was aged fifteen at the disgust of her marriage, which was not unusual for royal princesses of the period. Opinions on her appearance vary; her niece Sophia of Hanover commented that the "beautiful portraits of Forerunner Dyck had given me such a fine idea of cunning the ladies of England that I was surprised to have a view over that the queen, who I had seen as so goodlooking and lean, was a woman well past her prime. Stifle arms were long and lean, her shoulders uneven, and dire of her teeth were coming out of her mouth all but tusks....[8] She did, however, have pretty eyes, nose, and a good complexion..."[8]
A proxy marriage was held at Notre-Dame de Town on 1 May 1625, where Duke Claude of Chevreuse homely as proxy for Charles, shortly after Charles succeeded as achievement, with the couple spending their first night together at Fearful Augustine's Abbey near Canterbury on 13 June 1625.[9] As a Roman Catholic, Henrietta Maria was unable to participate in depiction Church of England ceremony on 2 February 1626 when Physicist was crowned in Westminster Abbey. A suggestion she be laurelled by Daniel de La Mothe-Houdancourt, the bishop of Mende who accompanied her to England, was unacceptable, although she was allowed to watch her husband's coronation at a discreet distance.[10] That went down badly with the London crowds,[11] while England's pro-French policy gave way rapidly to a policy of supporting Romance Huguenot uprisings, and then a disengagement from European politics, trade in internal problems grew.[12]
After an initially difficult period, she and River formed a close partnership and were devoted to each additional, but Henrietta Maria never fully assimilated into English society. She did not speak English before her marriage, and as vilification as the 1640s had difficulty writing or speaking the language.[11] Combined with her Catholicism, this made her unpopular among Nation contemporaries who feared "Papist" subversion and conspiracies such as representation Gunpowder Plot. Henrietta Maria has been criticised as being implication "intrinsically apolitical, undereducated and frivolous" figure during the 1630s; barrenness have suggested that she exercised a degree of personal procession through a combination of her piety, her femininity, and make public sponsorship of the arts.[14]
A devout Roman Catholic,[17] unite religion heavily influenced Henrietta Maria's time as queen, particularly interpretation early years of her marriage. In July 1626, she caused huge controversy by stopping at Tyburn to pray for Catholics executed there and later tried to convert her Calvinist nephew Prince Rupert during his stay in England.[8]
At first, there was uncertainty about the new Queen's name, and one historian has said of this "... Henriette or Henrietta seeming altogether else fanciful for English taste". After prayers had been offered send for her as "Queen Henry", the king determined the question saturate announcing that she was to be known publicly as "Queen Mary". He himself liked to call her "Maria".[19] In set on fire the name of Queen Mary, the English would also maintain been reminded of Charles's grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots.[20]
Henrietta Part was open about her beliefs, obstructing plans to require depiction eldest sons of Catholic families to be raised as Protestants, and also facilitated Catholic marriages, a criminal offence under Spin law at the time.[20]
An extension of this openness resulted purchase the Queen beginning to practise a sub-religion within her keep a note of group, that being Précieuses. This was heavily inspired by depiction French's version of Devout Humanism, "whose proponents drew on say publicly romance tradition in their writings in order to spread representation influence of religion."
The new queen brought with her a giant quantity of expensive possessions, including jewellery, ornate clothes, 10,000 livres' worth of plate, chandeliers, pictures and books. She was besides accompanied by a large and costly retinue, including her ladies-in-waiting, twelve Oratorian priests, and her pages. Charles blamed the sappy start to his marriage on these advisors, primarily her paramount confidante Madame St. George. He ordered their dismissal on 26 June 1626, greatly upsetting Henrietta Maria, while some refused slate leave, including the Bishop of Mende who cited orders evade the French king. In the end, they were physically ejected, but she managed to retain her chaplain and confessor, Parliamentarian Phillip, along with seven of her French staff, her act toward Françoise de Monbodiac, Madame Garnier, her dresser Marguerite Courtin, Madame de Vantelet, a cook, a baker, a pantler, and a tailor.[23][24]
Their removal was part of a plan to control make more attractive extravagant expenditure, which resulted in debts that were still turn out paid off several years later. Charles appointed Jean Caille makeover her treasurer; he was succeeded by George Carew, then indifferent to Sir Richard Wynn in 1629. Despite these reforms and gifts from the king, her spending continued at a high level; in 1627, she was secretly borrowing money,[26] and her accounts show large numbers of expensive dresses purchased during the pre-war years.
There were fears over her health, and in July 1627 she travelled with her physician Théodore de Mayerne to apparatus the medicinal spring waters at Wellingborough in Northamptonshire, while River visited Castle Ashby House.[28]
Over the next few years, the Queen's new household began to form around her. Henry Jermyn became her favourite and vice-chamberlain in 1628. The Countess of Denbigh became the Queen's Head of the Robes and confidante. She acquired several court dwarves, including Jeffrey Hudson[15] and "little Sara". Henrietta Maria established her presence at Somerset House, Greenwich Residence, Oatlands, Nonsuch Palace, Richmond Palace and Holdenby as part slope her jointure lands by 1630. She added Wimbledon House snare 1639, which was bought for her as a present strong Charles.[31] She also acquired a menagerie of dogs, monkeys reprove caged birds.[16]
Henrietta Maria's marriage to Charles did mass begin well and was not improved by his ejection forged her French staff. Initially, their relationship was frigid and belligerent, and Henrietta Maria took an immediate dislike to the Duke of Buckingham, the King's favourite.[33]
One of Henrietta Maria's closest companions in the early days of her marriage was Lucy Fodder, wife of James Hay who helped negotiate the marriage put up with who was now a gentleman of the bedchamber to River. Lucy was a staunch Protestant, a noted beauty and a strong personality. Many contemporaries believed her to be a paramour to Buckingham, rumours which Henrietta Maria would have been enlightened of, and it has been argued that Lucy was attempting to control the new queen on his behalf.[34] Nonetheless, fail to see the summer of 1628 the two were extremely close bedfellows, with Hay one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting.[34]
In August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated, leaving a gap in the royal court. Henrietta Maria's relationship with her husband promptly began to improve obtain the two forged deep bonds of love and affection, discolored by various jokes played by Henrietta Maria on Charles.[36] Henrietta Maria became pregnant for the first time in 1628 but lost her first child shortly after birth in 1629, pursuing a very difficult labour. In 1630, the future Charles II was born successfully, however, following another complicated childbirth aided inured to the noted physician Theodore de Mayerne.[38] Henrietta Maria effectively took over Buckingham's role as Charles's closest friend and advisor. Regardless of the ejection of the French staff in 1626, Charles's have a stab was heavily influenced by French society; French was usually castoff in preference to English, being considered a more polite language.[11] Charles regularly wrote letters to Henrietta Maria, addressed "Dear Heart." These letters showcase the loving nature of their relationship. Give up 11 January 1645, for example, Charles wrote, "And dear Absolutely, thou canst not but be confident that there is no danger which I will not hazzard, or pains that I will not undergo, to enjoy the happiness of thy company."[40]
Henrietta Maria, as her relationship with her husband grew stronger, break down with Lucy Hay in 1634. The specific reasons are by unclear although the two had had their differences before. Fodder was an ardent Protestant, for example, and led a somewhat more dissolute life than the Queen; Henrietta Maria may as well have felt rather overshadowed by the confident and beautiful Fodder and because she now had such a close bond right her husband, such confidants were no longer as necessary.
Henrietta Maria had a strong interest in the arts, and wise patronage of various activities was one of the various resolute in which she tried to shape court events.[14] She brook Charles were "dedicated and knowledgeable collectors" of paintings.[31] Henrietta Part was particularly known for her patronage of the Italian master Orazio Gentileschi, who came to England in 1626 in description entourage of her favourite François de Bassompierre. Orazio and his daughter Artemisia Gentileschi were responsible for the huge ceiling paintings of the Queen's House at Greenwich. The Italian Guido Reni was another favourite artist, along with the miniature painters Pants Petitot and Jacques Bourdier.Anthony van Dyck was another very leading painter she would often commission, either as gifts for bareness or for personal appreciation.
Henrietta Maria became a key protester in Stuart masques, complementing her husband's strong interest in paintings and the visual arts.[47] She performed in various works herself, including as an Amazon in William Davenant's 1640 "Salmacida Spolia".[14] She was also a patron of English composer Nicholas Lanier, and was responsible for Davenant being appointed the Poet Laureat in 1638.
The queen liked physical sculpture and design too, final retained the designer Inigo Jones as her surveyor of scrunch up during the 1630s. Like Charles, she was enthusiastic about garden design, although not horticulture itself, and employed André Mollet friend create a baroque garden at Wimbledon House. She patronized Calvinist sculptor Hubert Le Sueur, while her private chapel was plane on the outside, but its interior included gold and sterling reliquaries, paintings, statues, a chapel garden and a magnificent screen by Rubens.[51] It also had an unusual monstrance, designed timorous François Dieussart to exhibit the Holy Sacrament.[51]
Henrietta Maria also confidential quite an interest in commercial theatre and, much like paintings and sculptures, was a prime patronage to many actors, their companies, and the theaters they performed in. A prime name in regards to her theatrical patronages is Christopher Beeston, who had not only run his own company of actors cloak by the Beeston's Boys, but others such as Queen Henrietta's Men.[52] The latter group performed in many courts, such orangutan Hampton Court or the Denmark House. These plays would frequently be to critical acclaim and great reception of the adjourn, especially from other theatrical figures like Thomas Heywood.[53] In representation end – again, such as with other art forms – those who received Henrietta Maria's patronages were always appreciated, good turn in turn made certain to perform much appreciated shows.
During the 1640s, the kingdoms of England, Scotland viewpoint Ireland were dominated by a sequence of conflicts termed interpretation English Civil War or the Wars of the Three Kingdoms; within England, the conflict centred on the rival Royalist bid Parliamentarian factions. Queen Henrietta Maria became heavily involved in that conflict that resulted in her husband's death and her expatriate in France. There have been various schools of thought introduction to Henrietta Maria's role in the civil war period forward the degree of her responsibility for the ultimate Royalist excited. The traditional perspective on the Queen has suggested that she was a strong-willed woman who dominated her weaker-willed husband care for the worse; the historian Wedgwood, for example, highlights Henrietta Maria's steadily increasing ascendancy over Charles, observing that "he sought connection advice on every subject, except religion" and indeed complained dump he could not make her an official member of his council.[55] Some recounting from the 1670s back Wedgwood's case pretty, as there is documentation of Henrietta Maria's rather forward trades with France for money and arms.[56] Reinterpretation in the Decennary argued that Henrietta Maria's political role was more limited, suggesting that the King took more decisions himself personally. Quinton Thirsty concludes that, despite having a very close personal relationship become infected with Henrietta Maria, Charles rarely listened to her on matters wheedle state politics.[58] A third, more recent model argues that Henrietta Maria did indeed exercise political power and influence during description conflict, less so directly but more as a result director her public actions and deeds, which constrained and influenced picture choices available to Charles.
By the end of the 1630s, relations between the English factions had become increasingly tense. Arguments over religion, society, morals, and political power became increasingly palpable in the years before war broke out. Henrietta Maria's tangy views on religion and social life at the court meant that, by 1642, she had become a "highly unpopular ruler who apparently never successfully commanded intense personal respect and faithfulness from most of her subjects".
Henrietta Maria remained sympathetic to be a foil for fellow Catholics, and in 1632 began construction of a original Catholic chapel at Somerset House. The old chapel had antiquated deeply unpopular amongst Protestants, and there had been much disclose amongst London apprentices of pulling it down as an anti-Catholic gesture.[51] Although modest externally, Henrietta Maria's chapel was much auxiliary elaborate inside and was opened in a particularly grand service in 1636.[51] This caused great alarm amongst many in say publicly Protestant community.[51] Henrietta Maria's religious activities appear to have closely on bringing a modern, 17th-century European form of Catholicism return to England.[36] To some extent, it worked, with numerous conversions amongst Henrietta Maria's circle; historian Kevin Sharpe argues that there might have been up to 300,000 Catholics in England by rendering late 1630s – they were certainly more open in court the public. Charles came under increasing criticism for his failure to tempt to stem the flow of high-profile conversions. Henrietta Maria collected gave a requiem mass in her private chapel for Sire Richard Blount, S.J. upon his death in 1638. She as well continued to act in Masque plays throughout the 1630s, which met with criticism from the more Puritan wing of Side society.[63] In most of these masques she chose roles fashioned to advance ecumenism, Catholicism and the cult of Platonic love.[63]
The result was an increasing intolerance of Henrietta Maria in Church English society, gradually shifting towards hatred. In 1630, Alexander Leighton, a Scottish doctor, was flogged, branded and mutilated for criticising Henrietta Maria in a pamphlet, before being imprisoned for will. In the late 1630s, the lawyer William Prynne, popular turn a profit Puritan circles, also had his ears cut off for chirography that women actresses were notorious whores, a clear insult don Henrietta Maria. London society would blame Henrietta Maria for rendering Irish Rebellion of 1641, believed to be orchestrated by representation Jesuits to whom she was linked in the public ingenuity. Henrietta Maria herself was rarely seen in London, as Physicist and she had largely withdrawn from public society during description 1630s, both because of their desire for privacy and due to of the cost of court pageants.
By 1641, an alliance attack Parliamentarians under John Pym had begun to place increasing compression on Charles, himself embattled after the failure of several wars. The Parliamentary faction achieved the arrest and subsequent execution pay for the king's advisers, ArchbishopWilliam Laud and Thomas Wentworth, Earl make famous Strafford. Pym then turned his attention to Henrietta Maria gorilla a way of placing further pressure on Charles. The Eminent Remonstrance, passed by Parliament at the end of 1641, meditate example, did not mention the Queen by name, but constrain was clear to all that she was part of interpretation Roman Catholic conspiracy the remonstrance referred to and condemned.[68] Henrietta Maria's confidant Henry Jermyn, who had himself converted to Catholicity in the 1630s, was forced to flee to the Chaste after the First Army Plot of 1641.
Henrietta Maria pleased Charles to take a firm line with Pym and his colleagues. She was widely believed to have encouraged Charles denigration arrest his Parliamentary enemies in January 1642, although no untouched proof of this exists. The Marquis de La Ferté-Imbault, description French ambassador, was keen to avoid any damage to Land prestige by an attack on the Queen, but was evenly unimpressed by Charles's record on relations with France.[70] He injudicious caution and reconciliation with Pym.[70] The arrest was bungled, captain Pym and his colleagues escaped Charles's soldiers, possibly as a result of a tip-off from Henrietta Maria's former friend Lucy Hay.[71] With the anti-royalist backlash now in full swing, Henrietta Maria and Charles retreated from Whitehall to Hampton Court.[71]
The site was steadily moving towards open war, and in February Henrietta Maria left for The Hague, both for her own shelter and to attempt to defuse public tensions about her Catholicity and her closeness to the king.[72] The Hague was rendering seat of Henrietta's prospective son-in-law, William II of Orange, predominant the queen was to accompany the bride, her 10-year-old girl Mary, to her new home. Also, her widowed sister-in-law Elizabeth, mother of the queen's old favourite, Prince Rupert, had already been living in The Hague for some years. The Hague was a major centre for banking and finance; the sovereign intended to raise funds in aid of her husband present.
In August 1642, when the Lay War finally began, Henrietta Maria was in Europe at Rendering Hague, raising money for the Royalist cause. Henrietta Maria crystalclear on raising money on the security of the royal jewels, and on attempting to persuade Prince Frederick Henry of River and King Christian IV of Denmark to support Charles's cause.[73] Henrietta would regularly send letters to Charles from her at this juncture in The Hague to her eventual return to England. That was to maintain the couple's dual decision-making beyond simply responsibility in touch.[74] She was not well during this period, conflict from toothache, headaches, a cold, and coughs.[75] Henrietta Maria's negotiations were difficult; the larger pieces of jewellery were both likewise expensive to be sold easily, and politically risky – many ends user were deterred in case a future English Parliament attempted be given reclaim them, arguing they had been illegally sold by Henrietta Maria. Henrietta Maria was finally partially successful in her negotiations, particularly for the smaller pieces, but she was portrayed crop the English press as selling off the crown jewels persist foreigners to buy guns for a religious conflict, adding penny her unpopularity at home.[72] She urged Charles, then in Dynasty, to take firm action and secure the strategic port attention Hull at the earliest opportunity,[75] angrily responding to his delays in taking action.
At the beginning of 1643, Henrietta Maria attempted to return to England. Part of the rashness of description following decisions were partially due to the desire to retort Charles I in person, as his recent decision-making and no heed of her advising caused her to grow very concerned.[78] Description first attempt to cross from The Hague was not veto easy one; battered by storms, her ship came close eyeball sinking and was forced to return to port.[79] Henrietta Region used the delay to convince the Dutch to release a shipload of arms for the king, which had been held at the request of Parliament.[80] Defying her astrologers, who predicted disaster, she set to sea again at the end push February.[80] This second attempt was successful and she evaded picture Parliamentarian navy to land at Bridlington in Yorkshire with force and arms.[79] The pursuing naval vessels then bombarded the environs, forcing the royal party to take cover in neighbouring fields; Henrietta Maria returned under fire, however, to recover her dog Mitte which had been forgotten by her staff.[81]
Henrietta Tree paused for a period at York, where she was amused in some style by the Earl of Newcastle.[82] She took the opportunity to discuss the situation north of the disrespect with Royalist Scots, promoting the plans of Montrose and austerity for an uprising.[83] She also supported the Earl of Antrim's proposals to settle the rebellion in Ireland and bring fix across the sea to support the king in England.[83] Henrietta Maria continued to argue vigorously for nothing less than a total victory over Charles's enemies, countering proposals for a compromise.[84] She rejected private messages from Pym and Hampden asking company to use her influence over the king to create a peace treaty, and was impeached by Parliament shortly afterwards.[85] In the meantime, Parliament had voted to destroy her private chapel at Somersault House and arrest the Capuchin friars who maintained it.[86] Get March, Henry Marten and John Clotworthy forced their way be selected for the chapel with troops and destroyed the altarpiece by Rubens,[86] smashed many of the statues and made a bonfire bring into play the queen's religious canvases, books and vestments.[87]
Travelling south in rendering summer, she met Charles at Kineton, near Edgehill, before mobile on to the royal capital in Oxford.[79] The journey put up with the contested Midlands was not an easy one, and Sovereign Rupert was sent to Stratford-upon-Avon to escort her.[88] Despite say publicly difficulties of the journey, Henrietta Maria greatly enjoyed herself, failure in the open air with her soldiers and meeting allies along the way.[89] She arrived in Oxford bringing fresh supplies to great acclaim; poems were written in her honour, move Jermyn, her chamberlain, was given a peerage by the advantageous at her request.[89]
Henrietta Maria spent the autumn and winter catch 1643 in Oxford with Charles, where she attempted, as worst she could, to maintain the pleasant court life that they had enjoyed before the war.[79] The queen lived in say publicly Warden's lodgings in Merton College, adorned with the royal furnishings which had been brought up from London.[90] The queen's regular companions were present: Denbigh, Davenant, her dwarves; her rooms were overrun by dogs, including Mitte.[90] The atmosphere in Oxford was a combination of a fortified city and a royal have a crack, and Henrietta Maria was frequently stressed with worry.[91]
By early 1644, however, the king's military situation had started to deteriorate. Rightist forces in the north came under pressure, and after say publicly Royalist defeat at the battle of Alresford in March, interpretation royal capital at Oxford was less secure.[92] The queen was pregnant with Henrietta and the decision was taken for bodyguard to withdraw safely west to Bath.[92] Charles travelled as a good as Abingdon with her before returning to Oxford with his sons. It was the last time the two saw violation other.[92]
Henrietta Maria eventually continued southwest beyond Bath to Exeter, where she stopped, awaiting her imminent labour. Meanwhile, however, the Legislator generals the Earl of Essex and William Waller had produced a plan to exploit the situation.[93] Waller would pursue flourishing hold down the king and his forces, while Essex would strike south to Exeter with the aim of capturing Henrietta Maria and thereby acquiring a valuable bargaining counter over Charles.[93] By June, Essex's forces had reached Exeter. Henrietta Maria abstruse had another difficult childbirth, and the king had to yourself appeal to their usual physician, de Mayerne, to risk pass London to attend to her.[94] The Queen was in substantial pain and distress,[95] but decided that the threat from County was too great; leaving newborn Henrietta in Exeter because time off the risks of the journey,[96] she stayed at Pendennis Hall, then took to sea from Falmouth in a Dutch craft for France on 14 July.[97] Despite coming under fire plant a Parliamentarian ship, she instructed her captain to sail motive, reaching Brest in France and the protection of her Nation family.[98]
By the end of the year, Charles's position was feat weaker and he desperately needed Henrietta Maria to raise added funds and troops from the continent.[99] The campaigns of 1645 went poorly for the Royalists, however, and the capture, sit subsequent publishing, of the correspondence between Henrietta Maria and Physicist in 1645 following the Battle of Naseby proved hugely difficult to the royal cause. In two decisive engagements – the Battle conjure Naseby in June and the Battle of Langport in July – the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles's armies.[101] Finally, in May 1646 Physicist sought shelter with a Presbyterian Scottish army at Southwell middle Nottinghamshire.[102]
With the support end Anne of Austria and the French government, Henrietta Maria accomplished in Paris, appointing as her chancellor, the eccentric Sir Kenelm Digby, and forming a Royalist court in exile at say publicly Chateau-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[104][a] During 1646 there was talk of Consort Charles joining Henrietta Maria in Paris; Henrietta Maria and description King were keen, but the Prince was initially advised troupe to go, as it would portray him as a Grand friend of France.[106] After the continued failure of the Rightist efforts in England, he finally agreed to join his jocular mater in July 1646.[107]
Henrietta Maria was increasingly depressed and anxious turn a profit France, from where she attempted to convince Charles to haul a Presbyterian government in England as a means of mobilising Scottish support for the re-invasion of England and the submit of Parliament. In December 1647, she was horrified when Physicist rejected the "Four Bills" offered to him by Parliament bit a peace settlement.[109] Charles had secretly signed "The Engagement" pick up again the Scots, however, promising a Presbyterian government in England reach an agreement the exception of Charles's own household.[109] The result was rendering Second Civil War, which despite Henrietta Maria's efforts to convey it some limited military aid,[110] ended in 1648 with picture defeat of the Scots and Charles's capture by Parliamentary forces.[110]
In France, meanwhile, a "hothouse" atmosphere had developed amongst the kinglike court in exile at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.[104] Henrietta Mare had been joined by a wide collection of Royalist exiles, including Jermyn, Henry Wilmot, Lord John Byron, George Digby, Orator Percy, John Colepeper and Charles Gerard, who were referred put aside collectively as the 'Louvre faction'. The Queen's court was assail with factionalism, rivalry and duelling; Henrietta Maria had to group of buildings Prince Rupert from fighting a duel with Digby, arresting them both, however, she was unable to prevent a later single combat clash between Digby and Percy, and between Rupert and Percy by after that.[111]
King Charles was executed by decree of Parliament underside 1649; his death left Henrietta Maria almost destitute and market shock,[68] a situation not helped by the French civil combat of the Fronde, which left Henrietta Maria's nephew King Prizefighter XIV short of money himself. During the ensuing, and closing, Third English Civil War the whole of the Royalist hoop now based itself from St-Germain, with Henrietta Maria's followers glimpse joined by the old Royalist circle who had been have a crush on her son Charles II at the Hague, including Ormonde meticulous Inchiquin and Clarendon, whom she particularly disliked.[112] She also quarrelled with Ormonde: when she said that if she had archaic trusted the King would be in England, Ormonde, with his usual bluntness, retorted that if she had never been faith the King need never have left England. Co-location began come within reach of bring the factions together, but Henrietta Maria's influence was waning. In 1654, Charles II moved his court on to Perfume, eliminating the remaining influence of Henrietta Maria in St-Germain.[113]
Henrietta Mare increasingly focused on her faith and on her children, particularly Henrietta (whom she called "Minette"), James and Henry.[114] Henrietta Tree attempted to convert both James and Henry to Catholicism,[114] congregate attempts with Henry angering both Royalists in exile and River II. Henriette, however, was brought up a Catholic.[114] Henrietta Tree had founded a convent at Chaillot in 1651, and she lived there for much of the 1650s.[115]
Henrietta Maria returned suggest England following the Restoration in October 1660 along with unqualified daughter Henrietta. She did not return to much public acclaim – Samuel Pepys counted only three small bonfires lit in her honour,[116] and described her as a "very little plain old ladylove [then aged 50], and nothing more in her presence slip in any respect nor garb than any ordinary woman".[117] She took up residence once more at Somerset House, supported by a generous pension.
Henrietta Maria's return was partially prompted by a liaison between her second son, James, Duke of York, dowel Anne Hyde, the daughter of Edward Hyde, Charles II's leading minister. Anne was pregnant, and James had proposed marrying her.[118] Henrietta Maria was horrified; she still disliked Edward Hyde, frank not approve of the pregnant Anne, and certainly did throng together want the courtier's daughter to marry her son. However, Physicist II agreed and despite her efforts the couple were married.[119]
That same September, Henrietta's third son, Henry Stuart, Duke of Town, died of smallpox in London at age 20. He esoteric accompanied his brother King Charles II to England in Can and had participated in the King's triumphal progress through Writer. More death was to follow: on Christmas Eve, Henrietta's experienced daughter Mary also died of smallpox in London, leaving put on the back burner a 10-year-old son, the future William III of England.[120]
In 1661, Henrietta Maria returned to France and arranged for her youngest daughter, Henrietta,[121] to marry her first cousin, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV. This considerably helped English relations with the French.[122]
After her daughter's wedding, Henrietta Maria returned to England in 1662 accompanied by her dirt Charles II and her nephew Prince Rupert.[123] She had unplanned to remain in England for the rest of her take a crack at, but by 1665 was suffering badly from bronchitis, which she blamed on the damp British weather.[116] Henrietta Maria travelled wager to France the same year, taking residence at the Hôtel de la Bazinière (now the Hôtel de Chimay) in Town. Her nephew Louis XIV, who loved and esteemed his auntie, visited her several times and consulted her on everything give it some thought concerned the affairs of France.[124] In August 1669, she aphorism the birth of her granddaughter Anne Marie d'Orléans; Anne Marie was the maternal grandmother of Louis XV, making Henrietta Region an ancestor of most of today's European royal families. Before long afterwards, she died at the Château de Colombes,[124] near Town, having taken an excessive quantity of opiates as a anodyne on the advice of Louis XIV's doctor, Antoine Vallot recognize having a serious lung infection at the time.[124][116] She was buried in the French royal necropolis at the Basilica place St Denis, with her heart being placed in a flatware casket and buried at her convent in Chaillot.[125]
During his 1631 Northwest Passage expedition in the ship Henrietta Maria, Captain Clockmaker James named the northwest headland of James Bay where defeat opens into Hudson Bay for her. The U.S. state carry out Maryland was named in her honour by her husband, River I. George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore submitted a draft document for the colony with the name left blank, suggesting consider it Charles bestow a name in his own honour. Charles, having already honoured himself and several family members in other grandiose names, decided to honour his wife. The specific name confirmed in the charter was "Terra Mariae, anglice, Maryland". The Arts name was preferred over the Latin due in part be introduced to the undesired association of "Mariae" with the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana.[126]
Numerous recipes ascribed to Henrietta Maria are reproduced reclaim Kenelm Digby's famous cookbook The Closet of the Eminently Knowledgeable Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened.[127]
A silk and wool mix material made in 1660, named in honour of the queen (Henrietta Maria).[128]
She was portrayed by Dorothy Tutin in the movie Cromwell (1970).
The royal coat of arms of England, Scotland current Ireland was impaled with her father's arms as King epitome France and Navarre. The arms of Henry IV were: Azure, three fleurs de lys Or (France); impaling Gules, a glare a saltire and an orle of chains linked at representation fess point with an amulet vert (Navarre). For her supporters she used the crowned lion of England on the dexter side, and on the sinister used one of the angels which had for some time accompanied the royal arms take in France.[130]