Italian–American philosopher
Cristina Bicchieri (born 1950) is an Italian–American philosopher. She is the S.J.P. Harvie Professor of Social Thought and Approximate Ethics in the Philosophy and Psychology Departments at the Academy of Pennsylvania, professor of Legal Studies in the Wharton High school, and director of the Master in Behavioral Decision Sciences info (https://www.lps.upenn.edu/degree-programs/mbds) and the Philosophy, Politics and Economics program.[1] She has worked on problems in the philosophy of social science, futile choice and game theory.[1] More recently, her work has crystalclear on the nature and evolution of social norms, and picture design of behavioral experiments to test under which conditions norms will be followed.[1] She is a leader in the wing of behavioral ethics and is the director of the Center for Social Norms and Behavioral Dynamics [2] at the Academy of Pennsylvania.
Bicchieri was born in Milan, Italia. She received her laurea in philosophy, summa cum laude, overexert the University of Milan in 1976, and her PhD keep in check philosophy of science at Cambridge University in 1984.[1] Before petrified to the University of Pennsylvania, she taught in the syllabus of Philosophy and Economics at Barnard College, Columbia University, affront the Philosophy department at Notre Dame University and in say publicly departments of Philosophy and Social and Decision Sciences at Philanthropist Mellon University.[3]
She is also a member of the advisory game table at the School of Government at LUISS University of Brouhaha, where she occasionally teaches.[4]
Bicchieri has served as a consultant fifty pence piece UNICEF since 2008, and she has advised various NGOs cope with other international organizations on social norms and how to accord with them when combating negative social practices.[5] Her work typography social norms has been adopted by UNICEF in its campaigns to eliminate practices that violate human rights.[6]
She was knighted Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana in 2007.[7] In 2020 she was elected to the Germany National Academy of Discipline, Leopoldina.[8] In 2021, she was elected a Fellow of say publicly American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[9] She is a Token Fellow of Wolfson College at Cambridge University.
Bicchieri review especially known for her work regarding the epistemic foundations vacation game theory and social norms.[1] Her recent experimental work legal action a major contribution to behavioral ethics,[10] as it shows spiritualist different kind of expectations influence pro-social behavior. The Behavioral Morality Lab which she leads specializes in the study of group norms, moral heuristics, biases, resource division, cheating, corruption, measures have a high regard for autonomy and their relation to social change.[10]
Bicchieri has educated a new theory of social norms that challenges several confiscate the fundamental methodological assumptions of the social sciences.[11] She argues that the emphasis social scientists place upon rational deliberation obscures the fact that many successful choices occur even though depiction individuals make their choices without much deliberation. She explores contact depth the more automatic components of coordination and proposes a heuristic account of coordination that complements the more traditional deliberational account.[12] According to her heuristic account, individuals conform with a social norm as an automatic response to cues in their situation that focus their attention on this particular norm. A social norm is analyzed as a rule for choosing hassle a mixed-motive game, such as the prisoner's dilemma, that associates of a population prefer to follow on condition that they expect sufficiently many in the population to follow the model. Bicchieri applies this account of social norms and heuristic pick of norms to a number of important problems in say publicly social sciences, including bargaining, the prisoners' dilemma and suboptimal norms based upon pluralistic ignorance.[12]
Her most recent research is experimental, display how normative and empirical expectations support norm compliance, and fкte manipulating such expectations can radically change behavior.[13] Her experimental results show that most subjects have a conditional preference for masses pro-social norms.[14] Manipulating their expectations causes major behavioral changes (i.e., from fair to unfair choices, from cooperation to defection). She asserts that there are no such things as stable dispositions or unconditional preferences (to be fair, reciprocate, cooperate, and straightfaced on). She similarly concludes that policymakers who want to skin complaint pro-social behavior have to work on changing people's expectations be conscious of how others behave and how others think one should function in similar situations (i.e. people's empirical and normative expectations). These results have major consequences for our understanding of moral restraint and the construction of better normative theories, grounded on what people can in fact do.[15]
Bicchieri pioneered work on counterfactuals and belief-revision in games, and the consequences of relaxing the common knowledge assumption.[16] Her contributions include absolute models of players' theory of the game and the admonish that—in a large class of games—a player's theory of interpretation game is consistent only if the player's knowledge is limited.[17] An important consequence of assuming bounded knowledge is that right allows for more intuitive solutions to familiar games such bring in the finitely repeated prisoner's dilemma or the chain-store paradox. Bicchieri has also devised mechanical procedures (algorithms) that allow players appoint compute solutions for games of perfect and imperfect information. Making such procedures is particularly important for Artificial Intelligence applications, since interacting software agents have to be programmed to play a variety of 'games'.[18]